Hydrochemical Monitoring in the Zamzam Protected Groundwater Zone

Wadi Ibrahim is the main feeder of the Zamzam well, and large construction works around the Holy Mosque made it necessary to confirm that the groundwater in its protection zone was not being affected. TDS monitored ten piezometers around the works: downhole camera inspection of each well, hourly water-level logging, monthly purging and sampling, full physical, chemical and microbiological analysis compared against national and international drinking-water standards, and hydrochemical interpretation (ionic ratios, Piper and scatter diagrams) to identify the processes controlling water quality and any sign of a contamination plume.